Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum
Gutenberg and the Printing Press
Background
An artist's image of
Johann Gutenberg.
Johannes Gutenberg was born in about 1398 in Mainz, Germany. He invented the first movable type in Europe. Little is known about his childhood life and his family. But, his father, who was in the upper class, held the position in the mint. In the mint, they took gold coins and stamped designs on them. This might have given Gutenberg the idea of printing from metal.
Getting Started
His shop at Mainz
Between 1428 and 1430, he moved to Strasbourg, France, after his father’s death. He had a talent at cutting gems and working with metal. Little by little, he started working more and more with metal and wood type. Even though he is said to be the first person to invent a movable type, but the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean had already tried the idea about 750 years before. They discarded it after a while. By late 1448, he moved back the Mainz to set up his own shop.
More Pictures Related to Johann Gutenberg
The Process
The Gutenberg press.
His press was probably adapted from the presses used in paper making bookbinding, wine making, and possibly cheese presses. The press used oil-based ink. He invented molds made from metal that consisted of thousands of letters with equal sizes. First, when all the letters of the alphabet had been cast (receive form in a mold), he would lay them out to spell words in lines. Next, in order to make a whole page of words, he locked lines of letters firmly together using wooden wedges. Then, he placed a piece of paper on a paper holder, and he slides a type into the press. He turns a huge wooden screen on the press to lower a flat wooden plate onto the paper. That made the paper press down firmly onto the inked type to print the page. The printing press could print about 300 pages a day.
Final Years
A page from the Gutenberg Bible.
Gutenberg’s masterpiece was the Türkenkalender (Turkish Calendar), also called the Gutenberg Bible, printed in 1454. He then ran into some financial trouble, or now, some scholars believe he might’ve opened another shop later on. He did not live in complete poverty in the last years in his life though. He was given many privileges, like tax cuts. Gutenberg probably died on February 3, 1468 still in Mainz, at the age of 70.
Initials in the Gutenberg Bible A Through Z
Excludes J,K,W,X,Y and Z
Affects
The movable press made a huge impact in Europe. His development of it made it possible for mass production instead of copying by hand like what they did previously. It would take five months for a person to copy a single book, while a printing press could create 500 books at the same time. It also increased in spread of knowledge, literacy, and passing ideas on throughout the society. It encouraged more and more people to read because of the variety of books there were. The press enabled cheap production of images and text to extent a wider public, and made mass media possible. The movable metal printing press altered history for almost five centuries.
Works Cited
Nonperiodicals
Carnine, Douglas, et al. World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times. N.p.: Houghton, 2006. Print.
Gail, Marzieh. Life in the Renaissance. Toronto: Random House, n.d. Print.
"Gutenberg Bible." Wikipedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Wikipedia. Web. 1 May 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible>.
"Gutenberg, Johannes." Britannica Encyclopedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/all/comptons/article-9274706?query=johann%20Gutenberg&ct=null>.
"Gutenberg, Johannes." Britannica Encyclopedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Web. 1 May 2013. <http://school.eb.com/all/eb/article-9038592?query=johann%20Gutenberg&ct=null>.
Manley, Deborah, and Dr. Geofrey Scammel, eds. Guiness Book of Records 1492: The World Five Hundred Years Ago. New York City: Guiness Publishing Ltd, 1992. Print.
Wood, Tim. The Renaissance. New York City: Reed International Books Ltd, 1993. Print.
Fisher, Leonard Everett. Gutenberg. Toronto: Macmillan, 1993. Print.
Audiovisual
Beautiful 1455 Gutenberg Bible Facsimile. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_MIkXORM0Q>.
1455: Gutenberg Printing Press. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-BEI_4D7tQ>.
"German Printing Press Inventors." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/132_1258300?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials N And U. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143314>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial A. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143085>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial B. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143504>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial C. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143118>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial D. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143235>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial D. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143521>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial E. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143059>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial E. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142734>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial E. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142902>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial F. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143158>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial F. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142707>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials G, S A.I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143203>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial H. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142847>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial H. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143176>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142869>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142591>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142866>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143213>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142931>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143310>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial L. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143403>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial L. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142812>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial L. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142762>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials M And I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142725>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial N. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143199>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials N And U. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142899>
GUTENBERG BIBLE. - A Page Of Johann Gutenberg's 42-line Latin Bible Printed At Mainz Between 1453 And 1456. Commentary On The Proverbs Of Solomon.. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/140_1642760>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial O. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143115>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials D And P. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143488>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial P. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143241>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial P. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143316>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials L, Q A. F. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142802>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials R And Q. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143273>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial S. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143452>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial S. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142792>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial T. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142824>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial U. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143489>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials S And U. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143094>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial V. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142750>
"Gutenberg Museum." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/300_3374025?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"GUTENBERG: OFFICE. - Johann Gutenberg's printing office at Mainz, Germany. Line engraving, 19th century." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/140_1704520?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=mainz%2c+germany&localizeMetaData=false>.
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Gutenberg's Workshop / Press Etc.. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142107>
"Johannes Gutenberg." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/139_2017760?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johannes+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johannes Gutenberg (1400-1468)." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/134_1737531?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johannes Gutenberg (1400-1468)." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/134_1738977?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johannes Gutenberg Gensfleisch (1400-1468)." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/134_1740678?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=gutenberg+printing+press&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468) German printer in his printing works. In about 1439 he was the first in Europe to use movable type, and he invented the printing press. Mid-19th century illustration." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/300_2291768?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=gutenberg+printing+press&localizeMetaData=false>.
"JOHANN GUTENBERG - (c1395-1468). German printer. Gutenberg taking the first proof printed from movable type. Engraving by F. Unzelmann after Adolf Menzel, 19th century." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/140_1706953?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"JOHANN GUTENBERG - (c1400-1468). German printer. Steel engraving, American, 1869." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/140_1630377?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johann Gutenberg, German Inventor." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/132_1253688?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johann Gutenberg, German Inventor." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/132_1256175?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
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Web sites, e-sources
"Fascinating facts about Johannes Gutenberg inventor of the Printing Press in 1440." The Great Idea Finder. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. <http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/gutenberg.htm>.
"Renaissance: Printing and Thinking." Annenberg Learner. Annenberg Foundation, n.d. Web. 1 May 2013. <http://www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/printing.html>.
"What Did Gutenberg Invent?" Open Learn. Open University, n.d. Web. 1 May 2013. <http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/history-technology/what-did-gutenberg-invent-the-printing-proce>.
"Who Was Johann Gutenberg and What Do We Know About Him." Henry Ransom Center. Henry Ransom Center, n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. <http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/educator/modules/gutenberg/johann/>.
Carnine, Douglas, et al. World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times. N.p.: Houghton, 2006. Print.
Gail, Marzieh. Life in the Renaissance. Toronto: Random House, n.d. Print.
"Gutenberg Bible." Wikipedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Wikipedia. Web. 1 May 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible>.
"Gutenberg, Johannes." Britannica Encyclopedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/all/comptons/article-9274706?query=johann%20Gutenberg&ct=null>.
"Gutenberg, Johannes." Britannica Encyclopedia. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Web. 1 May 2013. <http://school.eb.com/all/eb/article-9038592?query=johann%20Gutenberg&ct=null>.
Manley, Deborah, and Dr. Geofrey Scammel, eds. Guiness Book of Records 1492: The World Five Hundred Years Ago. New York City: Guiness Publishing Ltd, 1992. Print.
Wood, Tim. The Renaissance. New York City: Reed International Books Ltd, 1993. Print.
Fisher, Leonard Everett. Gutenberg. Toronto: Macmillan, 1993. Print.
Audiovisual
Beautiful 1455 Gutenberg Bible Facsimile. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_MIkXORM0Q>.
1455: Gutenberg Printing Press. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-BEI_4D7tQ>.
"German Printing Press Inventors." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/132_1258300?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials N And U. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143314>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial A. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143085>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial B. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143504>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial C. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143118>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial D. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143235>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial D. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143521>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial E. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143059>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial E. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142734>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial E. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142902>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial F. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143158>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial F. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142707>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials G, S A.I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143203>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial H. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142847>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial H. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143176>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142869>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142591>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142866>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143213>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142931>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143310>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial L. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143403>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial L. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142812>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial L. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142762>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials M And I. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142725>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial N. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143199>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials N And U. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142899>
GUTENBERG BIBLE. - A Page Of Johann Gutenberg's 42-line Latin Bible Printed At Mainz Between 1453 And 1456. Commentary On The Proverbs Of Solomon.. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/140_1642760>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial O. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143115>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials D And P. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143488>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial P. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143241>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial P. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143316>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials L, Q A. F. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142802>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials R And Q. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143273>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial S. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143452>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial S. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142792>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial T. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142824>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial U. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143489>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initials S And U. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_143094>
Gutenberg-Bible, Initial V. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142750>
"Gutenberg Museum." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/300_3374025?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"GUTENBERG: OFFICE. - Johann Gutenberg's printing office at Mainz, Germany. Line engraving, 19th century." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/140_1704520?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=mainz%2c+germany&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Gutenberg Printing Press." Brittanica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/search?page=1&localizeSearchMetaData=false&resultsPerPage=15&subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg>.
Gutenberg's Workshop / Press Etc.. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Image Quest. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/109_142107>
"Johannes Gutenberg." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/139_2017760?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johannes+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johannes Gutenberg (1400-1468)." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/134_1737531?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johannes Gutenberg (1400-1468)." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/134_1738977?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johannes Gutenberg Gensfleisch (1400-1468)." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/134_1740678?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=gutenberg+printing+press&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468) German printer in his printing works. In about 1439 he was the first in Europe to use movable type, and he invented the printing press. Mid-19th century illustration." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/300_2291768?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=gutenberg+printing+press&localizeMetaData=false>.
"JOHANN GUTENBERG - (c1395-1468). German printer. Gutenberg taking the first proof printed from movable type. Engraving by F. Unzelmann after Adolf Menzel, 19th century." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/140_1706953?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"JOHANN GUTENBERG - (c1400-1468). German printer. Steel engraving, American, 1869." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/140_1630377?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johann Gutenberg, German Inventor." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/132_1253688?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johann Gutenberg, German Inventor." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/132_1256175?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=johann+gutenberg&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Johann Gutenberg's printing press, 1450s." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/132_1246884?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=gutenberg+printing+press&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Page from Gutenberg's Bible (c1455)." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/300_2287218?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=gutenberg+bible&localizeMetaData=false>.
"Reading." Britannica Image Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2013. <http://quest.eb.com/images/525_2905663?subjectId=0&collectionId=0&keyword=reading&localizeMetaData=false>.
Web sites, e-sources
"Fascinating facts about Johannes Gutenberg inventor of the Printing Press in 1440." The Great Idea Finder. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. <http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/gutenberg.htm>.
"Renaissance: Printing and Thinking." Annenberg Learner. Annenberg Foundation, n.d. Web. 1 May 2013. <http://www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/printing.html>.
"What Did Gutenberg Invent?" Open Learn. Open University, n.d. Web. 1 May 2013. <http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/history-technology/what-did-gutenberg-invent-the-printing-proce>.
"Who Was Johann Gutenberg and What Do We Know About Him." Henry Ransom Center. Henry Ransom Center, n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. <http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/educator/modules/gutenberg/johann/>.